What is Kabbalat Shabbat?
A prayer recited upon the onset of Shabbat, composed of Psalms and the hymn 'Lecha Dodi,' usually sung. It serves as a preparation for Shabbat
Source: Shulchan Aruch OC 261
In detail
Kabbalat Shabbat is the Friday evening synagogue service welcoming Shabbat. It was instituted by the Kabbalists of Safed in the 16th century. The service includes six psalms (representing the six weekdays), followed by the beloved hymn 'Lecha Dodi' composed by Rabbi Shlomo Alkabetz. The congregation turns toward the entrance during the last verse to 'welcome the Shabbat bride.' This is followed by Psalm 92 ('A Song for the Shabbat Day') and the regular evening prayer.
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